CULTURA CONSTITUCIONAL EM TRANSIÇÃO: DA AUTORIDADE PARA A JUSTIFICAÇÃO

João Andrade Neto

Resumo


Com o fim da Segunda Guerra Mundial, e na medida em que as sucessivas ondas de redemocratização avançavam sobre a Europa e várias de suas ex-colônias, um novo modelo constitucional espalhou-se pelo mundo. Comparatistas se referem a esse modelo como o novo constitucionalismo e apontam, entre os fatores que fazem dele algo novo, para uma significativa  mudança  no  entendimento  dos  juízes  acerca  da  função  jurisdicional  que exercem. Cortes constitucionais ao redor do mundo têm subordinado a validade dos atos praticados por agentes estatais aos argumentos oferecidos nas próprias decisões ou nelas presumidos. A esse novo entendimento acerca daquilo em que consiste o controle de constitucionalidade,  dá-se  o  nome  de  cultura  da  justificação.  Este  artigo  se  dedica  a identificar e analisar os aspectos mais relevantes dessa cultura constitucional emergente que veio substituir a cultura da autoridade, a qual prevaleceu na Europa até meados do século XX. Primeiramente se oferece um conceito de cultura constitucional. Em seguida, expõe-se como e por que se deu a transição da cultura da autoridade para a da justificação. Ao final, analisam-se os elementos característicos da cultura da justificação, a saber, o racionalismo, a proporcionalidade,  a  concepção  expandida  de  princípios  constitucionais  e  direitos fundamentais, e o diálogo transjudicial. Com foco no contexto europeu, especialmente no alemão, e exemplos do Canadá, de Israel e da África do Sul, pretende-se sistematizar as diversas  opiniões  parciais  sobre  o  tema  encontradas  na  literatura  especializada, predominantemente estrangeira e produzida no campo do Direito Constitucional Comparado. O objetivo aqui é oferecer uma visão abrangente do fenômeno, para, em pesquisas futuras, verificar  se  ele  se  aplica  a  outras  culturas  constitucionais  específicas,  além  daquelas mencionadas no textoparticularmente, ao Brasil.


Palavras-chave


Cultura constitucional, Cultura da autoridade, Cultura da justificação, Proporcionalidade, Transconstitucionalismo

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.26668/IndexLawJournals/2525-961X/2015.v1i1.140

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