ANTECEDENTES HISTÓRICOS DO CONCEITO DE LIBERDADE DE RELIGIÃO OU CRENÇA NO OCIDENTE

Conteúdo do artigo principal

Mariana Gouvea de Oliveira
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8139-2779

Resumo

Apesar de ser usualmente assumido que a liberdade religiosa seja fruto do iluminismo europeu, com suas consequências do declínio do estabelecimento político da fé religiosa e, mais tarde, o fim das guerras religiosas, é possível notar em momentos históricos anteriores eventos que contribuíram para essa noção. A expressão “liberdade de religião” (libertas religionis) aparece, pela primeira vez, no século III; “direito à liberdade” (ius libertatis), no XII; “direito natural à liberdade religiosa” (naturale ius libertatis religionis), no XV e XVI; e “direito à liberdade religiosa” (ius libertatis religionis) se torna comum em círculos religiosos e jurídicos no século XVII, como algo passível de provocar uma ação em uma corte, para além de motivo de fuga ou revolta. Assim, após o século XVII, as garantias de liberdade religiosa em instrumentos legais vão se tornando mais comuns, até o século XX, o qual marca esse desenvolvimento com o advento dos instrumentos nacionais e internacionais de direitos humanos contemporâneos. Assim, este artigo parte do entendimento de que a análise histórica é passo essencial para a compreensão do significado contemporâneo da liberdade religiosa, guardadas as particularidades históricas de cada período estudado. Para tanto, será utilizada a mesma divisão de Witte Jr em sua contribuição para a obra Routledge Handbook of Freedom of Religion or Belief: (1) 1º Milênio, (2) a Revolução Papal, (3) as Reformas Protestantes, (4) estabelecimento religioso e liberdade religiosa na Europa (5) e no novo mundo, e (6) liberdade religiosa moderna no Ocidente.

Downloads

Não há dados estatísticos.

Detalhes do artigo

Como Citar
GOUVEA DE OLIVEIRA, Mariana. ANTECEDENTES HISTÓRICOS DO CONCEITO DE LIBERDADE DE RELIGIÃO OU CRENÇA NO OCIDENTE. Revista Brasileira de História do Direito, Florianopolis, Brasil, v. 9, n. 1, p. 70 – 90, 2023. DOI: 10.26668/IndexLawJournals/2526-009X/2023.v9i1.9696. Disponível em: https://indexlaw.org/index.php/historiadireito/article/view/9696. Acesso em: 21 nov. 2024.
Seção
Artigos
Biografia do Autor

Mariana Gouvea de Oliveira, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro

Mestranda na linha de Direito Internacional no Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu da Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ).

Referências

AFRICAN UNION. African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights. 1981. Disponível em: https://au.int/en/treaties/african-charter-human-and-peoples-rights.

AUGUSTNE. City of God. Image Books, G. G. Walsh (Trans.), V. J. Bourke. (Ed.), 1958.

BBC News. Christian persecution ‘at near genocide levels’. BBC News, mai 2019. Disponível em: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-48146305.

BERMAN, H. Law and Revolution: The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition. Harvard University Press, 1983, p. 85–119. GREGORY VII. Medieval Sourcebook: Dictatus Papae, 1090. Disponível em: https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/g7-dictpap.asp.

BEZA, Theodore. Concerning the Rights of Rulers Over Their Subjects and the Duty of Subjects Towards Their Rulers. Monergism, Henry-Louis Gonin (trans.), Patrick S. Poole (ed.). Disponível em: https://www.monergism.com/concerning-rights-rulers-over-their-subjects-and-duty-subjects-towards-their-rulers.

BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE. Massachusetts Bay and Rhode Island: Two Models of Religious Liberty. Disponível em: https://billofrightsinstitute.org/activities/essay-massachusetts-bay-and-rhode-island-two-models-of-religious-liberty.

Constituição Francesa de 1791. Disponível em: http://www.fafich.ufmg.br/hist_discip_grad/ConstFranca1791.pdf.

COUNCIL OF EUROPE. European Convention on Human Rights. 1960. Disponível em: https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/convention_eng.pdf.

Declaration of the Rights of Man, 1789. Disponível em: https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/rightsof.asp.

EHLER, S.; MORRALL, J.B. Church and State Through the Centuries: A Collection of Historic Documents with Commentaries. Newman Press, 1954.

ESTES, James M. (trans., intro, notes). Whether Secular Government has the Right to Wield the Sword in Matters of Faith: A Controversy in Nürnberg, 1530. Disponível em: https://crrs.ca/publications/tt06/.

First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. Disponível em: https://constitution.congress.gov/constitution/amendment-1/.

HELWYS, Thomas (ca. 1550-ca. 1616). A Short Declaration of the Mystery of Iniquity: Classics of Religious Liberty 1. Macon: Mercer University Press.

HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE. General Comment no. 22. CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.4, 27 set. 1993. Disponível em: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CCPR%2FC%2F21%2FRev.1%2FAdd.4&Lang=en

INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS. The Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols. Disponível em: https://www.icrc.org/en/document/geneva-conventions-1949-additional-protocols.

IRVING-STONEBRAKER, Sarah. The Forgotten History of Religious Liberty: Richard Johnson Lecture 2020. Journal of Religious History, 2021.

JEFFERSON, Thomas. Notes on the State of Virginia: Query 17. Religion in America, 1781. Disponível em: https://teachingamericanhistory.org/document/notes-on-the-state-of-virginia/.

LACTANTIUS. The Works of Lactantius. T & T Clark., W. Fletcher (Trans.), vol. 2, 1875.

LAS CASAS, Bartolome de. In Defense of the Indians. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, S. Poole (Trans.), 1992.

LEAGUE OF ARAB STATES. Arab Charter on Human Rights. 2004. Disponível em: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/551368?ln=en.

LOCKE, John. A Letter Concerning Toleration. London: Hackett Publishing, J. Tully (ed.), 1983.

LOCKE, John. The Works of John Locke. Rivington, vol. 5, 1824.

LUTHER, M. On Secular Authority: How Far Does Obedience Owed to it Extend?. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Von Weltliche Oberkeit (ed.), Harro Hopfl (trans.), 2008.

MACLEAR, J. F (ed.). Church and State in the Modern Age: A Documentary History. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.

MAIZLAND, Lindsay. China’s Repression of Uyghurs in Xinjiang. Council on Foreign Relations, set 2022. Disponível em: https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/china-xinjiang-uyghurs-muslims-repression-genocide-human-rights.

Massachusetts Body of Liberties, 1641. Disponível em: https://oll.libertyfund.org/page/1641-massachusetts-body-of-liberties.

MODERN HISTORY SOURCEBOOK. Maximilien Robespierre: The Cult of the Supreme Being. Fordham University. Disponível em: https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/robespierre-supreme.asp.

ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES. American Convention on Human Rights. 1969. Disponível em: https://www.cidh.oas.org/basicos/english/basic3.american%20convention.htm.

OWEN, John. Of toleration; and the duty of the magistrate about religion. The Sermons of John Owen. Disponível em: https://ccel.org/ccel/owen/sermons/sermons.ii.iii.vi.html.

PIRCKHEIMER, Caritas. A Journal of the Reformation Years, 1524-1528. Cambride: D.S. Brewer, Paul A. MacKenzie (trans.), 2006.

POPE EUGENE IV. Sicut Dudum: Against the Enslaving of Black Natives from the Canary Islands. 1435. Disponível em: https://www.papalencyclicals.net/Eugene04/eugene04sicut.htm.

POPE PAUL III. Sublimis Deus: On the Enslavement and Evangelization of Indians. 1537. Disponível em: https://www.papalencyclicals.net/paul03/p3subli.htm.

ROBESPIERRE, Maximilien. The Festival of the Supreme Being. 1793. Disponível em: https://www.marxists.org/history/france/revolution/robespierre/1794/festival.htm.

STEPHENSON, C.; MARCHAM, S. Sources of English Constitutional History. Harper & Row, 1972.

STREFLING, Sérgio Ricardo. A disputa entre o Papa Bonifácio VIII e o Rei Filipe IV no final do século XIII. Artigos Livres, v. 37 n. 158, 2007. Disponível em: https://revistaseletronicas.pucrs.br/ojs/index.php/teo/article/view/2732.

TALIAFERRO, K. Arguing Natural Law: Tertullian and Religious Freedom in the Roman Empire. In: TALIAFERRO, K. The Possibility of Religious Freedom: Early Natural Law and the Abrahamic Faiths. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019.

TERTULLIAN. To Scapula. In: ROBERTS, A.; DONALDSON, J. (eds.). Anti-Nicene Fathers, Volume 3, Latin Christianity: Its Founder Tertullian (I, II, III). Peabody: Hendrickson, 1994.

UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY. Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief. A/RES/36/55, 25 nov. 1981. Disponível em: http://www.un-documents.net/a36r55.htm.

UNITED NATIONS HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL (UNHRC). “They came to destroy”: ISIS Crimes Against the Yazidis. A/HRC/32/CRP.2, 15 jun. 2016. Disponível em: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/843515?ln=en.

UNITED NATIONS. Convention on the Rights of the Child. 1989. Disponível em: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-rights-child.

UNITED NATIONS. Convention relating to the Status of Refugees. 1951. Disponível em: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-relating-status-refugees.

UNITED NATIONS. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. 1965. Disponível em: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-convention-elimination-all-forms-racial.

UNITED NATIONS. International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families. 1990. Disponível em: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-convention-protection-rights-all-migrant-workers.

UNITED NATIONS. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. 1966. Disponível em: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights.

UNITED NATIONS. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 1948. Disponível em: https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights.

US Department of States. Genocide, Crimes Against Humanity and Ethnic Cleansing of Rohingya in Burma. US Department of States. Disponível em: https://www.state.gov/burma-genocide/.

VOVELLE, Michel. The Revolution Against the Church: From Reason to the Supreme Being. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, A. José (trans.), 1991.

WALTER, Christian. Religion or Belief, Freedom of, International Protection. Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, jan 2008.

WILKEN, Robert Louis. Liberty in the things of God: The Christian origins of religious freedom. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2019.

WILLIAMS, R. The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution. In: The Complete Writings of Roger Williams, Wipf & Stock, vol. 3, 2007.

WITTE Jr, John. The Reformation of Rights: Law, Religion and Human Rights in Early Modern Calvinism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

WITTE JR, John. The right to freedom of religion: An historical perspective from the West. In: FERRARI, Silvio; HILL QC, Mark; JAMAL, Arif A.; BOTTONI, Rossella (eds.). Routledge Handbook of Freedom of Religion or Belief. Routledge: London and New York, 2021.