BREXIT E A UNICIDADE DA CONSTITUIÇÃO DO REINO UNIDO: ENTRE CRISE POLÍTICA, CRISE DEMOCRÁTICA E CRISE CONSTITUCIONAL

Emilio Peluso Neder Meyer

Resumo


O artigo debate o caráter peculiar da Constituição do Reino Unido, apresentando suas principais instituições e o modo específico de sua conceituação. Ele se situa no campo de estudo do Direito Constitucional Comparado. O objetivo geral é o de verificar como o processo de saída da União Europeia (Brexit) se relaciona com a especificidade daquela Constituição. Será verificado que a não codificação trouxe maiores desafios para o processamento do Brexit. A hipótese é a de que tais dificuldades situam o Reino Unido em uma crise que não se distancia do início de um processo globalizado de gradual crise democrática. Adota-se uma metodologia de estudo de caso, com análise das principais instituições constitucionais britânicas, somado a uma revisão bibliográfica. Discute-se a permanência de históricos contratos de domínio, as características da soberania parlamentar e o paulatino incremento das funções judiciais, paralelos a uma tentativa de reforço da soberania popular e a aceleração de reformas constitucionais. Os resultados indicam a existência de uma crise política no Reino Unido. Conclui-se com a necessidade de distinção entre crise política, crise democrática e crise constitucional.

Palavras-chave


Constituição; Reino Unido; Soberania parlamentar; Suprema Corte; Brexit

Texto completo:

PDF

Referências


ARLIDGE, Anthony; JUDGE, Igor. Magna Carta Uncovered. Oxford e Portland, Oregon: Hart Publishing, 2014.

BAGEHOT, Walter. The English Constitution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.

BARNETT, Hilaire. Administrative and Constitutional Law. 4ª ed. London e Sydney: Cavendish Publishing, 2002.

BARROSO, Luís Roberto. Curso de Direito Constitucional contemporâneo: os conceitos fundamentais e a construção do novo modelo. São Paulo: Saraiva, 2015.

BBC. Scottish referendum: Scotland votes 'No' to independence. BBC News, 19 set. 2014, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-29270441. Acesso em: 27 mai. 2019.

BBC NEWS. Gina Miller: Who is Campaigner Behind Brexit Court Cases? BBC News, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-37861888. Acesso 10 dez. 2019.

BOGDANOR, Vernon. Brexit and Our Unprotected Constitution. London: The Constitution Society, 2018.

BROOKS, Thom. As a professor of law, I am convinced John Bercow’s Brexit decision is correct. The Independent, 19 mar. 2019, https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/brexit-vote-deal-john-bercow-theresa-may-parliament-delay-a8829296.html. Acesso em: 30 mai. 2019.

BURKE, Edmund. Reflections on the French Revolution & Other Essays. London and New York: J.M. Dent & Sons, E.P. Dutton & Co., 1951.

CANOTILHO, José Joaquim Gomes. Direito constitucional e teoria da constituição. 7ª ed. Coimbra: Almedina, 2003.

CHOUDHRY, Sujit. Will democracy die in darkness? Calling autocracy by its name. In: GRABER, Mark. LEVINSON, Sandford. TUSHNET, Mark. Constitutional democracy in crises? New York: Oxford University Press, 2018, p. 571-584.

COMISSÃO EUROPEIA. Rule of law framework. https://ec.europa.eu/info/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/effective-justice/rule-law/rule-law-framework_en. Acesso em: 30 mai. 2019.

DAVIS, G.R.C. Magna Carta. London: British Museum, 1963.

DELANEY, Erin. Brexit Optimism and British Constitutional Renewal. In: GRABER, Mark. LEVINSON, Sandford. TUSHNET, Mark. Constitutional democracy in crises? New York: Oxford University Press, 2018, p. 191-214.

DELANEY, Erin. Judiciary Rising: Constitutional Change in the United Kingdom. Northwestern University Law Review, v. 108, n. 2, 2014, p. 543-606.

DELANEY, Erin. Stability in Flexibility: A British Lens on Constitutional Success. In: GINSBURG, Tom. HUQ, Aziz. Assessing Constitutional Performance. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2016, p. 393-420.

DIAMOND, Jared. Upheaval: Turning Points for Nations in Crisis. New York, Boston, London: Little, Brown and Company, 2019.

DOUGLAS-SCOTT, Sionhaidh. Brexit, Article 50 and the Contested British Constitution. Modern Law Review, v. 79, n. 6, 2016, p. 1.019-1.040.

DOUGLAS-SCOTT, Sionhaidh. Brexit and the British Constitution: An Update on Sionaidh Douglas-Scott 'Brexit, Article 50 and the Contested British Constitution'. Modern Law Review: The MLR Forum, 2017, https://www.modernlawreview.co.uk/brexit-british-constitution/. Acesso 29 mai. 2019.

DREWRY, Gavin. The UK Supreme Court – A Fine New Vintage, or Just a Smart New Label on a Dusty Old Bottle? International Journal for Court Administration, p. 1–14, 2011. https://www.iacajournal.org/articles/60/galley/42/download/. Acesso em: 29 mai. 2019.

ELGOT, Jessica. Brexit: John Bercow rules out third meaningful vote on same deal. The Guardian, 18 mar. 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/mar/18/brexit-john-bercow-rules-out-third-meaningful-vote-on-same-deal. Acesso em: 29 mai. 2019.

ELGOT, Jessica. MASON, Rowena. May laments 'very disappointing' EU elections as voters take Brexit revenge. The Guardian, 27 mai. 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/may/27/eu-elections-tories-and-labour-savaged-as-voters-take-brexit-revenge. Acesso em: 27 mai. 2019.

ELKINS, Zachary. Is the Sky Falling? Constitutional Crises in Historical Perspective. In: GRABER, Mark. LEVINSON, Sandford. TUSHNET, Mark. Constitutional democracy in crises? New York: Oxford University Press, 2018, p. 49-66.

ELLIOTT, Mark. “The Supreme Court's Judgment in Miller: In Search of Constitutional Principle (April 13, 2017)”. Cambridge Law Journal, University of Cambridge Faculty of Law Research Paper No. 23/2017. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2952331. Acesso 28 mai. 2019.

J Finn, Constitutions in Crisis: Political Violence and the Rule of Law (New York and Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1991).

FOWKES, James. Prorogation of the Legislative Body. In: GROTE, Rainer. LACHEMANN, Frauke. WOLFRUM, Rüdiger. Max Planck Encyclopedia of Comparative Constitutional Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.

GARDNER, John. Can There Be a Written Constitution? Oxford Legal Studies Research Paper No. 17/2009. https://ssrn.com/abstract=1401244. Acesso em: 27 mai. 2019.

GINSBURG, Tom; HUQ, Aziz. How to Save a Constitutional Democracy. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 2018.

GROGAN, Joelle. Right Restriction or Restricting Rights? The UK Acts to Address COVID-19. Verfassungsblog, https://verfassungsblog.de/right-restriction-or-restricting-rights-the-uk-acts-to-address-covid-19/. Acesso em: 29 set. 2020.

HAILBRONNER, Michaela. Beyond Legitimacy: Europe’s Crisis of Constitutional Democracy. In: GRABER, Mark. LEVINSON, Sandford. TUSHNET, Mark. Constitutional democracy in crises? New York: Oxford University Press, 2018, p. 277-294.

HALMAI, Gábor. A Coup Against Constitutional Democracy: The Case of Hungary. In: GRABER, Mark. LEVINSON, Sandford. TUSHNET, Mark. Constitutional democracy in crises? New York: Oxford University Press, 2018, p. 243-256.

HENLEY, Jon. Brexit weekly briefing: May resigns and Tories and Labour are savaged at EU polls. The Guardian, 28 mai. 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/may/28/brexit-weekly-briefing-may-resigns-tories-and-labour-savaged-at-eu-polls. Acesso em: 29 mai. 2019.

HESTERMEYER, Holger. Disastrous Stability: Brexit as a Constitutional Crisis. Verfassungsblog, 2019, https://verfassungsblog.de/disastrous-stability-brexit-as-a-constitutional-crisis%ef%bb%bf/. Acesso 29 mai. 2019.

HIRSCHL, Ran. Comparative Matters: The Renaissance of Comparative Constitutional Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.

LEVITSKY, Steve. ZIBLATT, Daniel. How Democracies Die. New York: Crown, 2018.

LEYLAND, Peter. The Constitution of the United Kingdom: A Contextual Analyses. 2ª ed. Oxford and Portland, Oregon: Hart Publishing, 2012.

LOUGHLIN, Martin. The British Constitution: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.

MCIILWAIN, Charles. Constitutionalism: Ancient and Modern. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1947.

MOORE, Martin. Democracy hacked: political turmoil and information warfare in the digital age. London: Oneworld, 2018.

POLITICO. EU election results country by country. Politico, 29 mai. 2019, https://www.politico.eu/article/eu-election-results-2019-country-by-country/. Acesso em: 30 mai. 2019.

QUINN, Benn. Boris Johnson to appear in court over Brexit misconduct claims. The Guardian, 29 mai. 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/may/29/boris-johnson-appear-court-eu-referendum-misconduct-claims. Acesso em: 29 mai. 2019.

REID, David. Theresa May loses crucial vote on her Brexit deal for a third time. CNBC, 29 mar. 2019, https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/29/brexit-theresa-may-loses-crucial-vote-on-her-deal-for-a-third-time.html. Acesso em: 29 mai. 2019.

REINO UNIDO. European Union Referendum Act 2015. http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2015/36/contents/enacted. Acesso em: 29 mai. 2019.

REINO UNIDO. European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019. http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2019/26/enacted/data.htm. Acesso 10 dez. 2019.

REINO UNIDO. Human Rights Act 1998. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/42/section/4. Acesso em: 28 mar. 2018.

REINO UNIDO. Responding to human rights judgments: Report to the Joint Committee on Human Rights on the Government response to human rights judgments 2013–14. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/389272/responding-to-human-rights-judgments-2013-2014.pdf. Acesso em: 29 mai. 2019.

REINO UNIDO. Withdrawal Agreement and Political Declaration. 2018. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/withdrawal-agreement-and-political-declaration. Acesso em: 29 mai. 2019.

ROSSI, Clóvis. Voto na Europa equivale a novo 'milagre'. Folha de S. Paulo, 27 mai. 2019, https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/colunas/clovisrossi/2019/05/voto-na-europa-equivale-a-novo-milagre.shtml. Acesso em: 28 mai. 2019.

SCHMITT, Carl. Political Theology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005.

SKOUTARIS, Nikos. ‘Our Precious Union’: The Backstop and the Constitutional Integrity of the UK. Verfassungsblog, https://verfassungsblog.de/our-precious-union-the-backstop-and-the-constitutional-integrity-of-the-uk/. Acesso em: 29 set. 2020.

STEVENS, Katharina. Reasoning by precedent—between rules and analogies. Legal Theory, v. 24, n. 3, 2018, p. 216-254.

STRECK, Lenio. Jurisdição constitucional e decisão jurídica. 3ª ed. São Paulo: RT, 2013.

STONE, Jon. All the times EU has said 'no' to Theresa May's Chequers Brexit trade plan. The Independent, 21 set. 2018, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/eu-brexit-theresa-may-plan-trade-deal-chequers-tusk-leaders-macron-a8548516.html. Acesso em: 29 mai. 2019.

SUPREMA CORTE DO REINO UNIDO. R. (Miller) v. Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union. Julgamento de 24 de janeiro de 2017. https://www.supremecourt.uk/cases/docs/uksc-2016-0196-judgment.pdf. Acesso em 29 mai. 2019.

SUPREMA CORTE DO REINO UNIDO. R (on the application of Miller) (Appellant) v The Prime Minister (Respondent) Cherry and others (Respondents) v Advocate General for Scotland (Appellant) (Scotland). Julgamento de 24 de setembro de 2019. https://edition.cnn.com/2019/09/24/uk/uk-supreme-court-parliament-judgment-in-full/index.html. Acesso em 10 dez. 2019.

THE TELEGRAPH. How right or wrong were the polls about the EU referendum? The Telegraph, 27 jun. 2016, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/24/eu-referendum-how-right-or-wrong-were-the-polls/. Acesso 29 mai. 2019.

TOMBS, Robert. The English and their history. New York: Alfred Knopff, 2015.

TÓTH, Csaba. Full text of Viktor Orbán’s speech at Băile Tuşnad (Tusnádfürdő) of 26 July 2014. The Budapest Beacon, 29 jul. 2014, https://budapestbeacon.com/full-text-of-viktor-orbans-speech-at-baile-tusnad-tusnadfurdo-of-26-july-2014/. Acesso em: 30 mai. 2019.

TUORI, Kaarlo. TUORI, Klaus. The Eurozone Crisis: A Constitutional Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.

TUSHNET, Mark. Weak courts, strong rights: judicial review and social welfare rights in comparative constitutional law. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2009.

UNIÃO EUROPEIA. Tratado de Lisboa. https://www.parlamento.pt/europa/Documents/Tratado_Versao_Consolidada.pdf. Acesso em: 29 mai. 2019.

V-DEM. Country Graph. https://www.v-dem.net/en/analysis/CountryGraph/. Acesso em: 30 mai. 2019.

YOO, John. The judicial safeguards of federalism. Southern California Law Review, v. 70, 1996, p. 1.311-1.406.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.26668/IndexLawJournals/2358-1352/2023.v35i13.7314

Apontamentos

  • Não há apontamentos.


Bookmark and Share