CONSTITUTIONAL CULTURE IN TRANSITION: FROM AUTHORITY TO JUSTIFICATION
Main Article Content
Abstract
After the end of World War II, successive waves of democratization swept over many European countries and their ex-colonies, spreading a new constitutional model worldwide. Constitutional comparatists have referred to this model as the new constitutionalism and highlighted a specific factor among those that make this arrangement new: there has been a significant change in the understanding of judges about the adjudicative function they exert. Constitucional courts around the world have affirmed, albeit often implicitly, that the validity of any act committed on behalf of the state depends on the reasons officers had for acting as such, whether or not they have explicitly advanced those reasons. Authors have referred to this particular understanding about what judicial review is and ought to be as the culture of justification. This essay is aimed at identifying and analysing the most relevant aspects of this emerging culture that replaced the culture of authority, which prevailed in Europe until the mid-twentieth century. Firstly, the study will introduce a conception of constitutional culture. Secondly, it will explain how and why the transition from the culture of authority to the culture of justification happened. Finally, it will expound the distinctive features of the culture of justification, namely rationalism, proportionality, a wide conception of constitutional principles and fundamental rights, and a transnational judicial dialogue. The study will focus on the European context, especially on Germany, although examples from Canada, Israel, and South Africa are given. The objective is to provide a comprehensive review of the diverse opinions on the topic in the field of comparative constitutional law, for the specialized literature is still scarce in Portuguese. It falls beyond the scope of this essay to answer whether particular constitutional systems other than these mentioned in the text can be said to have abandoned the culture of authority. Future studies will address particularly the question of whether Brazil has assimilated the culture of justification.
Downloads
Article Details
• O(s) autor(es) autoriza(m) a publicação do artigo na revista;
• O(s) autor(es) garante(m) que a contribuição é original e inédita e que não está em processo de avaliação em outra(s) revista(s);
• A revista não se responsabiliza pelas opiniões, ideias e conceitos emitidos nos textos, por serem de inteira responsabilidade de seu(s) autor(es);
• É reservado aos editores o direito de proceder ajustes textuais e de adequação do artigo às normas da publicação.
Autores mantêm os direitos autorais e concedem à revista o direito de primeira publicação, com o trabalho simultaneamente licenciado sob a Licença Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial 4.0 Internacional, que permite o compartilhamento do trabalho com reconhecimento da autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
Autores têm autorização para assumir contratos adicionais separadamente, para distribuição não exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicada nesta revista (ex.: publicar em repositório institucional ou como capítulo de livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
Autores têm permissão e são estimulados a publicar e distribuir seu trabalho online (ex.: em repositórios institucionais ou na sua página pessoal) a qualquer ponto antes ou durante o processo editorial, já que isso pode gerar alterações produtivas, bem como aumentar o impacto e a citação do trabalho publicado (Veja O Efeito do Acesso Livre) em http://opcit.eprints.org/oacitation-biblio.html
References
ACKERMAN, Bruce. The Rise of World Constitutionalism. Virginia Law Review, v. 83, n. 4, p. 771–797, 1997. Disponível em: <http://www.jstor.org/stable/1073748>. Acesso em:
ago. 2014.
ALEMANHA. Bundesverfassungsgericht [BVerfG][Tribunal Constitucional Federal], Decisão do 1º Senado, 15.01.1958, Entscheidungen des Bundesverfassungsgerichts [BVerfGE], n. 7, p. 198 (“Caso Lüth”).
ALEXY, Robert. A Theory of Legal Argumentation: The Theory of Rational Discourse as Theory of Legal Justification. Trad. Ruth Adler; Neil MacCormic. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2010a.
. Balancing, constitutional review, and representation. International Journal of
Constitutional Law, v. 3, n. 4, p. 572–581, 2005. Disponível em:
<http://icon.oxfordjournals.org/content/3/4/572>. Acesso em: 18 mar. 2013.
. On Balancing and Subsumption. A Structural Comparison. Ratio Juris, v. 16, n. 4, p. 433–449, 2003.
. On the Structure of Legal Principles. Ratio Juris, v. 13, n. 3, p. 294–304, 2000.
. The Argument from Injustice: A Reply to Legal Positivism. Trad. Stanley L. Paulson; Bonnie Litschewski Paulson. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010b.
. The Dual Nature of Law. Ratio Juris, v. 23, n. 2, p. 167–182, 2010c.
ALI, Zaid Al-. Constitutional drafting and external influence. In: GINSBURG, Tom; DIXON, Rosalind (Orgs.). Comparative constitutional law. Cheltenham, UK!; Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 2011, p. 77–95.
ANTAKI, Mark. The Rationalism of Proportionality’s Culture of Justification. In: HUSCROFT, Grant; MILLER, Bradley W.; WEBBER, Grégoire C. N. (Orgs.). Proportionality and the rule of law: rights, justification, reasoning. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2014, p. 284–308.
BALKIN, J. M. Living originalism. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University
Press, 2011.
BARAK, Aharon. Proportionality: constitutional rights and their limitations. Trad. Doron
Kalir. Cambridge, U.K.!; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
BEYME, Klaus von. The Genesis of Constituional review in Parliamentary Systems. In: LANDFRIED, Christine (Org.). Constitutional review and legislation: an international comparison. Baden-Baden: Nomos, 1988, p. 21–38.
BOMHOFF, Jacco. Balancing constitutional rights: the origins and meanings of postwar legal discourse. Cambridge!; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
BRUGGER, Winfried. Legal Interpretation, Schools of Jurisprudence, and Anthropology: Some Remarks from a German Point of View. The American Journal of Comparative Law, v. 42, n. 2, p. 395–421, 1994. Disponível em: <http://www.jstor.org/stable/840752>. Acesso em: 8 abr. 2014.
CANADÁ. Suprema Corte [Supreme Court][S.C.]. R. v. Oakes. Decisão de 28.02.1986.
Supreme Court Reports [S.C.R.], vol. 1, p. 103, 1986.
CAPPELLETTI, Mauro. Judicial review in comparative perspective. California Law
Review, p. 1017–1053, 1970. Disponível em: <http://www.jstor.org/stable/3479676>. Acesso
em: 26 set. 2014.
CHOUDHRY, Sujit. Globalization in Search of Justification: Toward a Theory of Comparative Constitutional Interpretation. Indiana Law Journal, v. 74, n. 3, p. 819, 1999. Disponível em: <http://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/ilj/vol74/iss3/4>.
. Migration as a New Metaphor in Comparative Constitutional Law. In: CHOUDHRY, Sujit (Org.). The migration of constitutional ideas. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 2011, p. 1–36.
COHEN-ELIYA, Moshe; PORAT, Iddo. American balancing and German proportionality: The historical origins. International Journal of Constitutional Law, v. 8, n. 2, p. 263–286,
Disponível em: <http://icon.oxfordjournals.org/content/8/2/263>. Acesso em:
mar. 2013.
. Proportionality and constitutional culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 2013.
. Proportionality and Justification. In: BARAK, Aharon (Org.). Proportionality: Constitutional Rights and their Limitations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
. Proportionality and the Culture of Justification. American Journal of Comparative
Law, v. 59, n. 2, p. 463–490, 2011.
. The Hidden Foreign Law Debate in Heller: The Proportionality Approach in
American Constitutional Law. San Diego Law Review, v. 46, p. 367–414, 2009.
COHN, Margit. Legal Transplant Chronicles: The Evolution of Unreasonableness and Proportionality Review of the Administration in the United Kingdom. American Journal of Comparative Law, v. 58, n. 3, p. 583–629, 2010.
COMELLA, Víctor Ferreres. Constitutional courts and democratic values: a European perspective. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009.
. The Rise of Specialized Constitutional Courts. In: GINSBURG, Tom; DIXON, Rosalind (Orgs.). Comparative constitutional law. Cheltenham, UK!; Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 2011, p. 265–277.
DAVIS, Dennis M. Constitutional borrowing: The influence of legal culture and local history in the reconstitution of comparative influence: The South African experience. International Journal of Constitutional Law, v. 1, n. 2, p. 181–195, 2003. Disponível em:
<http://icon.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/doi/10.1093/icon/1.2.181>. Acesso em: 20 set. 2014.
DYZENHAUS, David. Dignity in Administrative Law: Judicial Deference in a Culture of
Justification. Review of Constitutional Studies, v. 17, p. 87, 2012.
. Law as Justification: Etienne Mureinik’s Conception of Legal Culture. South
African Journal on Human Rights, v. 14, p. 11, 1998.
FEREJOHN, John; PASQUINO, Pasquale. Constitutional adjudication: lessons from Europe.
Tex. L. Rev., v. 82, p. 1671, 2003.
FRANKENBERG, G. Constitutional transfer: The IKEA theory revisited. International
Journal of Constitutional Law, v. 8, n. 3, p. 563–579, 2010. Disponível em:
<http://icon.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/doi/10.1093/icon/moq023>. Acesso em: 24 out. 2014.
FRIEDMAN, Barry; SAUNDERS, Cheryl (Orgs.). Symposium: Constitutional Borrowing.
International Journal of Constitutional Law, v. 1, n. 2, p. 177–403, 2003. Disponível em:
<http://icon.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/doi/10.1093/icon/1.2.177>. Acesso em: 10 nov. 2014.
GARDBAUM, Stephen. A Democratic Defense of Constitutional Balancing. Law & Ethics of Human Rights, v. 4, n. 1, p. 79–106, 2010.
. Proportionality and Democratic Constitutionalism. In: HUSCROFT, Grant; MILLER, Bradley W.; WEBBER, Grégoire C. N. (Orgs.). Proportionality and the rule of law: rights, justification, reasoning. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2014,
p. 259–283.
. The structure and scope of constitutional rights. In: GINSBURG, Tom; DIXON, Rosalind (Orgs.). Comparative constitutional law. Cheltenham, UK!; Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 2011, p. 387–405.
GOLDSWORTHY, Jeffrey. Constitutional cultures, democracy, and unwritten principles. U. Ill. L. Rev., p. 683, 2012.
GRAZIADEI, Michele. Comparative Law as the Study of Transplants and Receptions. In:
The Oxford handbook of comparative law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006, p. 441–
GRIMM, Dieter. Comment. In: LANDFRIED, Christine (Org.). Constitutional review and legislation: an international comparison. Baden-Baden: Nomos, 1988, p. 169–171.
. Proportionality in Canadian and German Constitutional Jurisprudence. University of
Toronto Law Journal, v. 57, n. 2, p. 383–397, 2007.
HIRSCHL, Ran. The political origins of the new constitutionalism. Indiana Journal of
Global Legal Studies, v. 11, n. 1, p. 71–108, 2004.
. Towards juristocracy: the origins and consequences of the new constitutionalism. Cambridge, Mass.; London: Harvard University Press, 2007.
HUSCROFT, Grant. Proportionality and the Relevance of Interpretation. In: HUSCROFT, Grant; MILLER, Bradley W.; WEBBER, Grégoire C. N. (Orgs.). Proportionality and the rule of law: rights, justification, reasoning. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press,
, p. 186–202.
JACKSON, Vicki C. Constitutions as “Living Trees”? Comparative Constitutional Law and
Interpretive Metaphors. Fordham Law Review, v. 75, n. 2, p. 921–960, 2006.
JACOBSOHN, Gary Jeffrey. The Formation of Constitutional Identities. In: GINSBURG, Tom; DIXON, Rosalind (Orgs.). Comparative constitutional law. Cheltenham, UK!; Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 2011, p. 129–142.
JESTAEDT, Matthias. The Doctrine of Balancing: its strengths and weaknesses. In: KLATT, Matthias (Org.). Institutionalized reason: the jurisprudence of Robert Alexy. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.
KOMMERS, Donald P.; MILLER, Russell A. The constitutional jurisprudence of the Federal Republic of Germany. 3nd ed., rev. and ampliada. Durham, N.C: Duke University Press, 2012.
KUMM, Mattias. Democracy is not Enough: Rights, Proportionality and the Point of Judicial
Review. NYU School of Law, n. Public Law Research Paper n. 09-10, 2009. Disponível em:
<http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/faculty-workshops/kumm.paper.i.pdf>. Acesso em:
out. 2014.
. Total rights and the banality of injustice. This centuty’s review: journal for rational legal debate, n. 1, p. 10–14, 2012.
LANDFRIED, Christine (Org.). Constitutional review and legislation: an international comparison. Baden-Baden: Nomos, 1988.
LAW, David S.; VERSTEEG, Mila. The Evolution and Ideology of Global Constitutionalism.
Cal. L. Rev., v. 99, p. 1163, 2011.
MCWHINNEY, Edward. Supreme courts and judicial law-making: constitutional tribunals and constitutional review. Dordrecht; Lancaster, UK; Hingham, USA: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1986.
MILLER, Jonathan M. A Typology of Legal Transplants: Using Sociology, Legal History and Argentine Examples to Explain the Transplant Process. The American Journal of Comparative Law, v. 51, n. 4, p. 839, 2003. Disponível em:
<http://www.jstor.org/stable/3649131?origin=crossref>. Acesso em: 27 out. 2014.
MUREINIK, Etienne. A Bridge to Where: Introducing the Interim Bill of Rights. South
African Journal on Human Rights, v. 10, p. 31, 1994.
NEVES, Marcelo. Do diálogo entre as cortes supremase a Corte Interamericana de DireitosHumanos ao transconstitucionalismona América Latina. Revista de Informação Legislativa, v. 51, n. 201, p. 193–214, 2014.
PERJU, Vlad. Constitutional Transplants, Borrowing and Migrations. In: ROSENFELD, Michel; SAJÓ, András (Orgs.). The Oxford handbook of comparative constitutional law.
ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012, p. 1304–1327.
. Cosmopolitanism and Constitutional Self-Government. International Journal of
Constitutional Law, v. 8, n. 3, p. 326–353, 2010. Disponível em:
<http://icon.oxfordjournals.org/content/8/3/326>. Acesso em: 19 mar. 2013.
. The Migration of Constitutional Ideas. International Journal of Constitutional
Law, v. 7, n. 1, p. 170–174, 2008. Disponível em:
<http://icon.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/doi/10.1093/icon/mon021>. Acesso em: 20 set. 2014.
ROESLER, Shannon. Permutations of judicial Power: the new constitutionalism and the expansion of judicial authority. Law & Social Inquiry, v. 32, n. 2, p. 545–579, 2007.
ROSENKRANTZ, Carlos F. Against Borrowings and Other Nonauthoritative Uses of Foreign Law. International Journal of Constitutional Law, v. 1, n. 2, p. 269–295, 2003. Disponível em: <http://icon.oxfordjournals.org/content/1/2/269>. Acesso em: 19 mar. 2013.
SAPIR, Edward. Time Perspective in Aboriginal American Culture: A Study in Method. Geological Survey Memoir, v. 90, n. 13, p. 1–87, 1916. (Anthropological Series). Disponível em: <http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/1837696?origin=crossref>. Acesso em:
out. 2014.
SCHAUER, Frederick. Balancing, Subsumption, and the Constraining Role of Legal Text.
Law & Ethics of Human Rights, v. 4, n. 1, p. 35–45, 2010.
. On the Migration of Constitutional Ideas. Connecticut Law Review, v. 37, n. 1, p. 907–919, 2004.
. The Politics and Incentives of Legal Transplantation. In: NYE, Joseph S.; DONAHUE, John D. (Orgs.). Governance in a globalizing world. Cambridge, Mass: Visions of Governance for the 21st Century [u.a.], 2000, p. 253–268.
SCHLINK, Bernhard. German constitutional culture in transition. Cardozo L. Rev., v. 14, p. 711, 1992.
SILVA, Alfredo Canellas Guilherme da; GOUVÊA, Carina Barbosa. Constitucionalismo e seus modelos contemporâneos de transformação e transição. Revista Interdisciplinar de Direito / Faculdade de Direito de Valença, 2015. Disponível em:
<http://faa.edu.br/revistas/docs/RID/2013/RID_2013_15.pdf>. Acesso em: 17 jul. 2015.
SILVA, Virgílio Afonso da. A constitucionalização do direito: os direitos fundamentais nas relações entre particulares. 1. ed. São Paulo: Malheiros, 2005.
. Integração e diálogo constitucional na América do Sul. In: BOGDANDY, Armin von; PIOVESAN, Flávia (Orgs.). Direitos humanos, democracia e integração jurídica na América do Sul. Rio de Janeiro: Lumen Juris, 2010, p. 515–530.
. Os direitos fundamentais e a lei: a constituição brasileira tem um sistema de reserva legal? In: SOUZA NETO, Cláudio Pereira de; SARMENTO, Daniel; BINENBOJM, Gustavo (Orgs.). Vinte Anos da Constituição Federal de 1998. Rio de Janeiro: Lumen Juris, 2009,
p. 605–618.
SLAUGHTER, Anne-Marie. A new world order. Princeton: Princeton University Press,
Disponível em: <http://site.ebrary.com/id/10312479>. Acesso em: 11 ago. 2015.
SWEET, Alec Stone. Constitutional Courts. In: ROSENFELD, Michel; SAJÓ, András (Orgs.). The Oxford handbook of comparative constitutional law. 1. ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012, p. 816–830.
. Governing with judges: constitutional politics in Europe. Oxford!; New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.
. Why Europe Rejected American Judicial Review: And Why It May Not Matter.
Michigan Law Review, p. 2744–2780, 2003. Disponível em:
<http://www.jstor.org/stable/3595394>. Acesso em: 30 ago. 2014.
SWEET, Alec Stone; MATHEWS, Jud. All Things in Proportion-American Rights Review and the Problem of Balancing. Emory LJ, v. 60, p. 797, 2010.
. Proportionality Balancing and Global Constitutionalism. Columbia Journal of
Transnational Law, v. 47, p. 68–149, 2008.
WALKER, Neil. The migration of constitutional ideas and the migration of the constitutional idea: the case of the EU. In: CHOUDHRY, Sujit (Org.). The migration of constitutional ideas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010, p. 316–345.
WATSON, Alan. Legal transplants: an approach to comparative law. Edinburgh!: London: Scottish Academic Press, 1974.
. Legal Transplants and European Private Law. Eletronic Journal of Comparative
Law, v. 4, n. 4, 2000. Disponível em: <http://www.ejcl.org/44/art44-2.html>. Acesso em:
out. 2014.
WEINRIB, Lorraine. The Postwar Paradigm and American Exceptionalism. In: The
Migration of Constitutional ideas. Rochester, NY: [s.n.], 2006.
WISE, Edward M. The Transplant of Legal Patterns. The American Journal of
Comparative Law, v. 38, p. 1, 1990.